Defects can form through various processes such as:
Synthesis Methods: Techniques like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD) can introduce defects during material growth. Mechanical Stress: External forces can cause dislocations and other defects. Irradiation: Exposure to radiation can displace atoms, creating defects. Thermal Fluctuations: High temperatures can cause atoms to move, leading to vacancies and interstitials.
