The extraction process involves several steps: 1. Mining: Traditional mining methods are employed to extract ores containing the desired raw materials. 2. Refining: The ores are then refined to obtain purer forms of the raw materials. This can involve chemical, thermal, or mechanical processes. 3. Processing: The refined materials are processed to achieve nanoscale dimensions. Techniques like chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol-gel processes, and ball milling are commonly used.
