Several advanced techniques are employed to study and manipulate chemical bonds at the nanoscale:
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Allows for the visualization and manipulation of individual atoms and bonds on a surface. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Provides information on the mechanical properties of nanomaterials by measuring forces between a sharp tip and the sample. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal by measuring the angles and intensities of X-rays that are scattered by the electrons within the crystal. Spectroscopy: Techniques such as Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy provide information about the vibrational modes of a material, which are directly related to its bonding structure.
