Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - Nanotechnology

What are Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)?

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from oxygen. They play a significant role in cell signaling and homeostasis. However, excessive levels can lead to oxidative stress, damaging cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids.

How are ROS Generated in Nanotechnology?

Nano-sized materials, especially metal and metal oxide nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), can generate ROS through various mechanisms. When these nanoparticles interact with biological systems, they can catalyze the formation of ROS via surface reactions, dissolution, or ion release.

Why is ROS Important in Nanomedicine?

In nanomedicine, controlled generation of ROS can be used for therapeutic purposes. For instance, in photodynamic therapy (PDT), nanoparticles can generate ROS to kill cancer cells selectively. Moreover, ROS can be utilized in antibacterial treatments, as they can destroy microbial cell membranes and DNA.

What are the Risks Associated with ROS in Nanotechnology?

While ROS can be beneficial in controlled scenarios, uncontrolled ROS generation poses significant risks. Excessive ROS can induce cytotoxicity, leading to cell death, inflammation, and other adverse effects. This raises concerns about the biocompatibility and safety of nanomaterials used in consumer products and medical applications.

How Can ROS Generation be Controlled?

Researchers are developing strategies to control ROS generation by modifying the surface properties of nanoparticles. Coating nanoparticles with biocompatible materials or using antioxidants can mitigate excessive ROS production. Moreover, targeted delivery systems ensure that ROS generation occurs only at specific sites, minimizing collateral damage to healthy cells.

What are the Analytical Methods to Detect ROS?

Several analytical techniques are used to detect and quantify ROS. Common methods include fluorescence spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), and chemiluminescence. These techniques help in understanding the dynamics of ROS generation and its impact on biological systems.

Future Prospects of ROS in Nanotechnology

The future of ROS in nanotechnology looks promising, with ongoing research focused on harnessing their potential while mitigating risks. Advances in nanomaterial engineering and biomedical applications continue to explore innovative ways to utilize ROS for therapeutic purposes, environmental remediation, and beyond.

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BomMDH1 regulates malate-mediated oxidative stress in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells.

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The role of Tyr34 in proton-coupled electron transfer of human manganese superoxide dismutase.

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Tanreqing injection inhibits stemness and enhances sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer models to gefitinib through ROS/STAT3 signaling pathway.

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In utero chronic intermittent nicotine aerosol exposure increases ischemic heart injury in adult offspring via programming of Angiotensin II receptor-derived TGFβ/ROS/Akt signaling pathway.

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3-chloro-1,2-propanediol induces oxidative stress and promotes testicular damage and infertility in rats through CYP2C9.

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Multifunctional Cerium Oxide Nanozyme for Synergistic Dry Eye Disease Therapy.

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Lipid discovered in American ginseng alleviates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting cardiomyocyte ferroptosis.

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Distinct roles and molecular mechanisms of nicotine and benzo(a)pyrene in ferroptosis of lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma.

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Formulation and Characterization of Silibinin Entrapped Nano-Liquid Crystals for Activity against Aβ Neurotoxicity in In-Vivo Model.

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Phospholipase C-β3 is dispensable for vascular constriction but indispensable for vascular hyperplasia.

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Engineered Lipids for Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging in Steatotic Hepatocytes.

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Effects of superoxide radical on photosynthesis and K and redox homeostasis in quinoa and spinach.

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Systemic inflammation, oxidative damage and neurocognition predict telomere length in a transdiagnostic sample stratified by global DNA methylation levels.

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GYY4137-induced p65 sulfhydration protects synovial macrophages against pyroptosis by improving mitochondrial function in osteoarthritis development.

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NIR triggered polydopamine coated cerium dioxide nanozyme for ameliorating acute lung injury via enhanced ROS scavenging.

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Dihydroethidium-derived fluorescence in electrically stressed cells indicates intracellular microenvironment modifications independent of ROS.

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Magnolol against enterovirus 71 by targeting Nrf2-SLC7A11-GSH pathway.

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Polystyrene nanoplastics exposure triggers spermatogenic cell senescence via the Sirt1/ROS axis.

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Electroporation enhances cell death in 3D scaffold-based MDA-MB-231 cells treated with metformin.

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Smart theranostics for wound monitoring and therapy.

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