The potential toxicity of nanomaterials arises from several factors. Firstly, their large surface area relative to volume allows for increased reactivity and bioavailability. Secondly, their small size enables them to penetrate biological membranes and interact with cellular components. Lastly, the surface charge, shape, and coating of nanoparticles can also influence their interaction with biological systems, potentially leading to oxidative stress, inflammation, or cellular damage.
