Toxicological studies of nanomaterials typically involve a combination of in vitro (test tube or cell culture) and in vivo (animal) studies. Researchers assess the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and ecotoxicity of nanomaterials to understand their potential health and environmental impacts. Advanced techniques such as electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and spectroscopy are often used to characterize nanomaterials and monitor their interactions with biological systems.
