What Types of Cellular Damage Can Nanoparticles Cause?
The interaction of nanoparticles with cells can lead to various types of cellular damage, including:
Oxidative stress: Nanoparticles can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cellular components such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Inflammation: The immune response to nanoparticles can cause inflammation, which may lead to tissue damage. Genotoxicity: Some nanoparticles can cause DNA damage or mutations, potentially leading to cancer. Apoptosis: Nanoparticles can induce programmed cell death or apoptosis, affecting cellular viability.