atomic scale

What Tools Are Used to Manipulate and Observe at the Atomic Scale?

Several advanced techniques and instruments are employed to manipulate and observe materials at the atomic scale:
Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM): Allows scientists to view and manipulate individual atoms.
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM): Measures forces between the probe and the sample to produce high-resolution images.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM): Provides detailed images of the internal structure of nanomaterials.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal.

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