Several nanotechnology techniques depend on a high vacuum environment:
Electron Microscopy: Techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) require high vacuum to prevent electron scattering by air molecules. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD): This technique for creating thin films relies on a high vacuum to control the chemical reactions at the atomic level. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD): Used for coating materials, PVD requires high vacuum to ensure the purity and uniformity of the deposited layer. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): Similar to PVD, CVD uses high vacuum to control the deposition of materials onto substrates.
