Several techniques are employed in preprocessing to achieve the desired state of materials:
Ultrasonication: Uses ultrasonic waves to disperse nanoparticles uniformly. Centrifugation: Uses centrifugal force to separate particles based on their size and density. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): A process to deposit thin films of material onto substrates. Electrospinning: A technique to produce nanofibers from polymer solutions or melts. Sol-Gel Process: A method for producing solid materials from small molecules.
