Several techniques are employed to design and fabricate nanoscale structures, including:
Lithography: Techniques like electron-beam lithography and photolithography are used to create intricate patterns at the nanoscale. Self-Assembly: Molecules are designed to spontaneously form organized structures through chemical interactions. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): This process involves the deposition of thin films from gaseous reactants onto a substrate. Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD): A technique to deposit atomic layers of material, allowing for precise control over thickness and composition. Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE): A method for growing high-quality crystalline films by depositing atoms or molecules onto a substrate in a vacuum.
