Several techniques are commonly used for force measurement in nanotechnology:
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): This technique measures forces between a sharp tip and the sample surface by monitoring the deflection of a cantilever. Optical Tweezers: Uses focused laser beams to trap and manipulate small particles, allowing force measurements on biological molecules and cells. Magnetic Tweezers: Employs magnetic fields to apply and measure forces on magnetic particles attached to molecules or cells. Nanoindentation: Measures the hardness and elastic modulus of materials by pressing a sharp indenter into the material's surface and recording the force-displacement data.
