Several techniques are employed for active cooling at the nanoscale:
Thermoelectric Coolers: These devices use the Peltier effect to create a heat flux between two materials, effectively transferring heat from one side to the other. Microfluidics: This involves the use of tiny fluid channels to transport heat away from hot spots on the device. Fluids with high thermal conductivity, such as water or specialized coolants, are typically used. Piezoelectric Fans: These are small fans that use piezoelectric materials to create air movement, thereby enhancing heat dissipation through convection. Phase Change Materials (PCMs): These materials absorb and release heat as they change state, providing a passive yet effective means of temperature regulation.
