Several factors influence nanoparticle penetration:
1. Size: Smaller nanoparticles generally penetrate more easily than larger ones. 2. Shape: Rod-shaped or needle-like nanoparticles may penetrate more effectively than spherical ones. 3. Surface Charge: Positively charged nanoparticles often show better penetration due to interactions with negatively charged cell membranes. 4. Surface Functionalization: Adding specific ligands or coatings can enhance penetration and targeting capabilities.
