Several factors can influence how deeply particles or energy penetrate into a material:
Particle Size: Smaller particles generally penetrate deeper into materials compared to larger ones. Material Composition: The chemical and physical properties of the material can affect penetration depth. Surface Charge: The charge of nanoparticles can impact their interaction with the material surface and, consequently, their penetration depth. Energy Source: The type and energy of the source used (e.g., light, electrons) can significantly affect penetration depth.
