Despite its advantages, CMOS technology faces several challenges as it scales down to the nanometer regime:
Short-Channel Effects: As transistors shrink, phenomena such as Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) and subthreshold leakage become more pronounced, affecting performance and power efficiency. Quantum Effects: At the nanoscale, quantum mechanical effects such as tunneling can impact the behavior of transistors, posing design and manufacturing challenges. Heat Dissipation: The increased density of transistors generates more heat, which must be effectively managed to ensure device reliability.
