Despite their advantages, PSCs face several challenges: 1. Stability: Perovskite materials can degrade when exposed to moisture, oxygen, and high temperatures, which affects the longevity and reliability of the solar cells. 2. Toxicity: The use of lead in many perovskite compositions raises environmental and health concerns. 3. Scalability: Scaling up the production of high-quality perovskite films while maintaining efficiency and uniformity is a significant technical hurdle.
