1. Covalent Bonding: These are strong bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. Covalent interactions are commonly used in the functionalization of nanoparticles to attach specific molecules or groups, enhancing their stability and functionality.
2. Ionic Interactions: These occur between charged particles, such as in the formation of salts. Ionic interactions are significant in the creation of nanocomposites and for stabilizing nanoparticles in solutions.
3. Hydrogen Bonding: These are weaker interactions compared to covalent bonds, involving a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen. Hydrogen bonds are crucial for the self-assembly of nanostructures and for interactions with biological molecules.
4. Van der Waals Forces: These are weak, short-range forces arising from induced electrical interactions between atoms or molecules. Van der Waals forces are essential in the stability and agglomeration of nanoparticles.
