Several techniques are employed to achieve biofunctionalization, each with its advantages and limitations. Some of the most common methods include:
Covalent bonding: This method involves the formation of stable covalent bonds between the nanomaterial and the biological molecule, ensuring strong and permanent attachment. Electrostatic interactions: In this approach, molecules are adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surface via electrostatic forces, which are generally weaker than covalent bonds but can be sufficient for certain applications. Hydrophobic interactions: Non-polar molecules can attach to nanomaterials through hydrophobic interactions, often used in lipid-based nanocarriers. Biotin-streptavidin system: This highly specific and strong interaction is used to attach biotinylated molecules to streptavidin-coated nanoparticles.
