Several methods are commonly employed for sample preparation in nanotechnology, including: - Sonication: Using ultrasonic waves to disperse nanoparticles uniformly in a solvent. - Centrifugation: Separating particles based on their size, shape, and density. - Filtration: Removing impurities and larger aggregates from nanoparticle suspensions. - Drying: Methods such as freeze-drying or oven drying to remove solvents and obtain dry nanopowders.