Several advanced detection methods leverage nanotechnology, including:
- Nanoparticle-Based Sensors: These sensors use nanoparticles like gold, silver, or quantum dots that have unique optical and electrical properties. For example, gold nanoparticles change color in response to the binding of target molecules, which can be used for detecting biomolecules or toxins.
- Nanoscale Imaging Techniques: Techniques such as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) allow for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. These methods provide detailed topographical maps and can even manipulate individual atoms and molecules.
- Nanowire Sensors: Nanowires, due to their high sensitivity and small size, are employed in chemical and biological sensing. Silicon nanowires, for instance, can detect changes in electrical conductivity when specific molecules bind to their surface.
- Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS): SERS enhances the Raman scattering of molecules adsorbed on rough metal surfaces or nanoparticles, enabling the detection of single molecules.
- Lab-on-a-Chip Devices: These miniaturized devices integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single chip, utilizing nanofluidics to manipulate fluids at the nanoscale for high-throughput and sensitive analysis.
