Nanoscale fertilizers are fertilizers engineered with particles that are typically less than 100 nanometers in size. These nanoparticles can be made from a variety of materials such as carbon-based compounds, metal oxides, or polymers. The small size of these particles increases the surface area to volume ratio, enhancing the nutrient absorption by plants. This technology allows for targeted delivery and controlled release of nutrients, maximizing their availability to plants while minimizing waste.