How is Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analyzed at the Nanoscale?
The analysis of thermodynamic equilibrium at the nanoscale involves several key concepts:
Surface Energy: At the nanoscale, surface-to-volume ratios are much higher than in bulk materials. Surface energy becomes a significant factor, influencing the equilibrium state. Chemical Potential: The chemical potential of components in a nanomaterial can differ from that in bulk materials due to quantum confinement and surface effects. Gibbs Free Energy: This thermodynamic potential helps determine the spontaneity of processes. At the nanoscale, contributions from surface and interface energies must be incorporated.
