thermal noise

How is Thermal Noise Quantified?

Thermal noise can be quantified using the Johnson-Nyquist formula: Vn = √(4kBTRΔf), where:
Vn is the root-mean-square (RMS) voltage noise.
kB is the Boltzmann constant.
T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin.
R is the resistance of the conductor.
Δf is the bandwidth over which the noise is measured.

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