Surface energy can be measured using various methods:
1. Contact Angle Measurement: This technique involves measuring the angle formed by a liquid droplet on a solid surface. The contact angle provides insights into the wettability of the surface, which is directly related to surface energy. 2. Surface Tension Measurement: For liquids, surface tension measurements can be used to infer surface energy. 3. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): AFM can be utilized to measure surface forces and, indirectly, surface energy.
