Achieving precise control involves various techniques and tools. Some of the most common methods include:
1. Top-down approaches: These involve cutting down larger materials to the nanoscale using techniques like lithography, etching, or milling. 2. Bottom-up approaches: These involve building up materials from atomic or molecular precursors, often using chemical vapor deposition, self-assembly, or molecular beam epitaxy. 3. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): This technique allows for the manipulation of atoms and molecules on surfaces. 4. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): This enables the visualization and manipulation of individual atoms.
