Nanotoxicity assessment typically involves a combination of in vitro, in vivo, and computational studies. In vitro studies use cell cultures to evaluate cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and genotoxic effects. In vivo studies, often conducted on animal models, help to understand the biodistribution, metabolism, and long-term impacts of nanomaterials. Computational models, such as QSAR, predict potential toxic effects based on the chemical structure and properties of nanomaterials.
