Material manipulation at the nanoscale can be achieved through various techniques, including:
1. Bottom-up approaches: Constructing materials atom by atom or molecule by molecule. Examples include chemical vapor deposition and self-assembly. 2. Top-down approaches: Reducing the size of bulk materials to the nanoscale through methods such as lithography and etching. 3. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE): A technique for growing thin films of materials with atomic precision.
