heterogeneity

How is Heterogeneity Characterized?

Characterizing heterogeneity involves using advanced techniques to analyze the properties and behaviors of nanomaterials:
Microscopy: Techniques like transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provide detailed images of nanomaterial structures.
Spectroscopy: Methods such as Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) help identify the chemical composition and crystallinity of nanomaterials.
Surface Analysis: Techniques like atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provide insights into surface properties and functionalization.

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