Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. Each carbon atom in graphene undergoes sp2 hybridization, using its three sp2 hybrid orbitals to form σ-bonds with three neighboring carbon atoms. The remaining p orbital, which is perpendicular to the plane, overlaps with p orbitals on adjacent atoms to form a π-bond network. This delocalized π-electron network is responsible for many of graphene's unique properties, such as its high electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
