Physical disruption can occur through several mechanisms: - Mechanical Interference: Nanomaterials can interfere with cellular processes by physically obstructing or altering cellular structures. - Penetration: Due to their small size, nanoparticles can easily penetrate biological membranes, potentially leading to cell damage or death. - Structural Damage: High aspect ratio nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, can cause physical damage to tissues or materials by piercing or cutting them.
