Advanced tools and techniques are indispensable in nanotechnology manufacturing. Instruments such as atomic force microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, and various lithography methods are essential for manipulating and characterizing materials at the nanoscale. Techniques like chemical vapor deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, and self-assembly are frequently used to create nanostructures. These tools and methods allow for the precise control needed to produce functional nanomaterials, although they also contribute to the overall complexity and cost of the manufacturing process.
