The process begins with the mixing of a polyionic polymer solution, such as chitosan, with a solution containing a counterion, such as sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). The interaction between the positively charged groups on the polymer and the negatively charged counterions leads to the formation of a cross-linked network, resulting in the creation of nanoparticles or a gel. The size and properties of the nanoparticles can be controlled by adjusting parameters such as polymer concentration, counterion concentration, and pH.
