Chemical fouling typically occurs through a series of steps: 1. Initial Adsorption: Organic or inorganic molecules in the fluid come into contact with the surface of the nanomaterial. 2. Layer Formation: These molecules begin to form a thin layer on the surface, initiating the fouling process. 3. Growth and Consolidation: Over time, additional molecules adhere to the initial layer, leading to thicker and more consolidated fouling layers. 4. Surface Reaction: Chemical reactions can occur between the fouling layer and the nanomaterial, potentially leading to irreversible changes.
