The working principle of transducers in nanotechnology often involves a three-step process:
1. Signal Reception: The transducer receives an external stimulus, which could be mechanical, chemical, thermal, optical, or magnetic. 2. Energy Conversion: The transducer converts the received energy into a different form that can be more easily measured or manipulated. 3. Signal Output: The converted energy is then output as a measurable signal, such as an electrical voltage or current.
