Nanoparticles can localize within various cellular organelles, leading to specific toxic effects: - Mitochondria: Nanoparticles can disrupt mitochondrial function, leading to energy depletion and apoptosis. - Nucleus: Some nanoparticles can penetrate the nucleus and interact with DNA, causing genotoxic effects. - Lysosomes: Nanoparticles can accumulate in lysosomes, leading to lysosomal dysfunction and autophagy disruption.
