Nanobiosensors function by converting a biological interaction into a measurable signal. The process typically involves: 1. Recognition: A biological element (e.g., antibody, enzyme) binds specifically to the target analyte. 2. Transduction: The nanomaterial transducer converts the biological interaction into a signal (optical, electrical, or magnetic). 3. Signal Processing: The signal is amplified and processed to provide a quantitative or qualitative output.
