Several advanced techniques are used to study the hydration layer around nanoparticles:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): Provides detailed information about the dynamics and structure of water molecules in the hydration layer. X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Helps in determining the arrangement of water molecules around nanoparticles. Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations: Computational methods that model the behavior of water molecules at the nanoscale. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Can measure the forces between the nanoparticle surface and water molecules, providing insights into the hydration layer's properties.
