How can bottom-up and top-down approaches be integrated?
Integrating bottom-up and top-down approaches can enhance the efficiency and scalability of nanomaterial synthesis. Bottom-up methods, such as [chemical vapor deposition]( ), build materials atom by atom, while top-down methods, like [lithography]( ), create nanostructures by etching larger materials. Combining these approaches can leverage the strengths of both, leading to more precise and efficient synthesis processes.
