surface interactions

How Are Surface Interactions Characterized?

Various techniques are used to study surface interactions, including:
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): Measures forces between a sharp tip and a surface.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Provides atomic-scale images based on tunneling currents.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Analyzes surface chemistry by measuring the kinetic energy of ejected electrons.
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR): Detects changes in refractive index near a surface, useful in studying binding events.

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