Characterization of ultrafine particles involves various analytical techniques: - Electron Microscopy: Provides detailed images of the particles at the nanoscale. - Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): Measures the size distribution of particles in suspension. - X-ray Diffraction (XRD): Determines the crystalline structure of nanoparticles. - Spectroscopy: Techniques like Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are used to analyze the chemical composition.
