How are Temperature Gradients Measured at the Nanoscale?
Measuring temperature gradients at the nanoscale is challenging but essential. Techniques include:
Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM): A form of atomic force microscopy (AFM) that uses a thermal probe to measure temperature variations with high spatial resolution. Raman Spectroscopy: This technique can provide information about temperature distribution by analyzing the Raman shift of specific phonon modes. Thermoreflectance: Involves measuring changes in the reflectivity of a material as a function of temperature, allowing for non-contact temperature measurements.
