Point defects can be introduced in nanomaterials through various methods:
Intrinsic Defects: Naturally occurring due to thermodynamic conditions during the material synthesis. External Irradiation: Techniques like ion implantation or electron irradiation can introduce defects intentionally. Chemical Doping: Introducing foreign atoms to create substitutional defects. Mechanical Processing: Methods like ball milling or high-pressure torsion can induce defects.
