There are several methods to create nanostructured ingredients, including:
1. Top-Down Approaches: These involve breaking down bulk materials into nanoscale structures using techniques like lithography, milling, or etching. 2. Bottom-Up Approaches: These methods build up nanostructures atom by atom or molecule by molecule, often using chemical synthesis, self-assembly, or vapor deposition techniques. 3. Hybrid Approaches: These combine elements of both top-down and bottom-up methods to create complex nanostructures.
