The attachment of labels to nanomaterials can be achieved through various methods: 1. Covalent Bonding: This involves forming a stable covalent bond between the label and the nanomaterial, ensuring a strong and permanent attachment. 2. Physical Adsorption: Labels can adhere to the surface of nanomaterials through van der Waals forces, electrostatic interactions, or hydrophobic effects. 3. Encapsulation: Labels can be encapsulated within nanomaterials like liposomes or polymeric nanoparticles, protecting them from degradation and improving stability.
