Measuring intrinsic properties at the nanoscale often requires sophisticated techniques. For example, [transmission electron microscopy (TEM)]() and [scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)]() are used to study the atomic structure and electronic properties of nanomaterials. [Raman spectroscopy]() and [UV-Vis spectroscopy]() can be employed to analyze optical properties, while vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) can measure magnetic properties.
