The electronic states in nanomaterials are often measured using techniques such as:
1. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): Provides spatially resolved information about the electronic states. 2. Photoluminescence Spectroscopy: Measures the emission of light from a material, which corresponds to electronic transitions between different states. 3. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): Determines the binding energy of electrons within different states.
