How Are Electrical Fields Measured at the Nanoscale?
Measuring electrical fields at the nanoscale involves sophisticated techniques and instrumentation. Some common methods include:
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM): This technique can measure electrical fields at atomic resolutions by observing the electron tunneling phenomenon between a sharp tip and the sample surface. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM): AFM can be used in various modes to measure electrical properties at the nanoscale, such as electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Electron Holography: This advanced technique uses electron interference to map electrical fields with high precision.
