Safety testing protocols for nanomaterials often include in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro tests may involve cell cultures to evaluate cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress. In vivo studies, typically using animal models, help assess systemic toxicity, biodistribution, and long-term effects. Regulatory guidelines, such as those from the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), provide standardized testing protocols.
