R&D teams employ a variety of advanced technologies and tools such as: - Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for imaging at the nanoscale. - Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for surface characterization. - Spectroscopy techniques like Raman and X-ray diffraction for material analysis. - [Cleanrooms](https://) for fabricating nanostructures in a controlled environment.